Kidney cancer originating from the renal tubular epithelium
system is one of the most common cancers of the urinary system. It accounts for
approximately 3% of all malignant tumors. The incidence of newly diagnosed
patients has increased by approximately 2.5-3% annually from 2001-2010. Metastatic
renal cell carcinoma is detected in approximately 30% of patients at the
time of diagnosis. The overall distribution of metastatic sites is the lung,
bone, lymph nodes, liver, adrenal gland and brain.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma has a poor prognosis with a
median overall survival of 12 months and a 5-year survival rate of less than
10%, which seriously affects patients’ quality of life. Invasion and
metastasis, the major characteristics of malignant tumors, lead to the poor
prognosis and death of patients. At present, the intrinsic molecular mechanisms
and the extrinsic microenvironment that enhance the metastatic potential of
primary tumor cells are still hot topics in the field of cancer research.
During the EMT, cellular morphology and adhering capacity
will change and the expression of epithelial molecular markers will
down-regulate while that of mesenchymal molecular markers will increase.
Hypoxia, one of the various factors that can induce EMT in cancer cells, exists
in many regions of solid tumors because angiogenesis
in tumors is heterogeneous, and cancer cells grow rapidly.
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